Concurrent use of an in-vehicle navigation system and a smartphone navigation application

In general, it is potentially dangerous for people to use several digital devices while driving because this may cause mental overload. However, it is now common for drivers to use both a smartphone navigation application (app) and an in-vehicle navigation system. We investigated the behavior of 41 drivers who used both navigation systems, and determined their reason for using, and mode of use of these. Results showed that the majority of participants used a mobile phone app as their primary navigation system and the in-vehicle navigation system as the secondary system. They often kept the in-vehicle navigation system turned on, to use as backup in certain situations, such as the loss of battery power for their smartphone or the need to receive a phone call. Practical implications are discussed.