An extension of McGuire's inoculation theory, from the area of cultural truisms to the realm of controverted beliefs, was investigated by manipulating previous attack as part of a group discussion situation in which actual defense of an issue was considered essential for having an inoculating effect. Results (p < 0.05) favored the main hypothesis when group 1 (requiring defense in response to a written verbal attack) was compared with the control group, but there were no significant differences between group 1 and group 2 (requiring discussion but no defense since there was no verbal attack).
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