The Family-of-Origin Scale with adolescents: Preliminary norms

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Christopher M. Manley
H. Russell Searight
Linda J. Skitka
J. Robert Russo
Cite this article:  Manley, C., Searight, H., Skitka, L., & Russo, J. (1993). The Family-of-Origin Scale with adolescents: Preliminary norms. Social Behavior and Personality: An international journal, 21(1), 17-24.


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The Family-of-Origin Scale (FOS) is a 40-item, ten-subscale, Likert instrument founded upon psychodynamic models of family functioning. The FOS is based upon two subordinate constructs – Autonomy and Intimacy – associated with positive individual adjustment. The original FOS was designed to assess adults’ retrospective views of their family. The scale has been recently modified to assess adolescents’ perceptions of current family functioning. The present study involved administering the FOS to 664 adolescents. No significant differences were obtained between the adolescents and the published adult FOS norms. The FOS appears to be appropriate for adolescents.


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