Field independence and measures of intelligence: Some reconsiderations

A field study was conducted in a suburban elementary school to ascertain the relationship between the CEFT, a measure of field independence, and tests of verbal ability and general intelligence for lower-class black participants. A correlational analysis revealed strong interrelationships between these tests contrary to the previous findings of Witkin and associates. Grade level and sex interacted to produce different correlational structures for each condition. These results call into question the assertion that field independence varies independently of intelligence for all participants regardless of age, sex, and social class.