The translation equivalence of the Effort Scale between Chinese and Portuguese travel agents

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Yi-Jung Chen
Pei-Wen Huang
Cite this article:  Chen, Y., & Huang, P. (2008). The translation equivalence of the Effort Scale between Chinese and Portuguese travel agents. Social Behavior and Personality: An international journal, 36(7), 931-932.


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The problem of establishing translation equivalence of the Effort Scale (O’Neil & Snow, 1990) to Chinese and Portuguese was examined with the goal of conducting cross-cultural research on attributions of success and failure in the travel industry of Taiwan and Brazil. The methods of establishing translation equivalence utilized here included a judgmental back-translation method and a statistical method. A group of 80 bilingual travel agents made up of 34 Brazilian travel agents and 46 Chinese travel agents, of ages ranging from 25 to 40 years old, completed the source and target versions of the Effort Scale.

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Appreciation is due to anonymous reviewers.

Yi-Jung Chen, Assistant Professor, Department of Human Resource Development, National Kaoshiung University of Applied Science, 178 Min-Tsu 2nd Rd., Kaoshiung, Taiwan, ROC. Phone: +886-7-2232936; Fax: +886-7-2250393; Email: [email protected] or [email protected]

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