Was there an increase in caring fatherhood in the 1990s? Two Dutch longitudinal studies

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Ed Spruijt
Vincent Duindam
Cite this article:  Spruijt, E., & Duindam, V. (2002). Was there an increase in caring fatherhood in the 1990s? Two Dutch longitudinal studies. Social Behavior and Personality: An international journal, 30(7), 683-696.


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The increase or decrease in caring fatherhood in the 1990s was studied using data from two Dutch longitudinal studies with 256 respondents in total, ranging from noncaring fathers to very caring fathers. The authors first investigated the degree of instability of the fathers' caring arrangements. Then they looked at the factors relating to an increase or decrease in the care given by individual fathers. Using three blocks of variables, an attempt was made to explain the amount of instability in the care and the changes seen between the times t1 (1991) and t2 (1997). Their three blocks of variables represented the father's social and cultural context at t1, the father's value orientation at t1, and the father's family of origin, respectively. It was concluded that for an increase in caring fatherhood in the 1990s, the father's context was far more important than was his value orientation. Some aspects of a father's family of origin are also important: a good relationship with his own father is positively associated with the continuation of, or increase in, caring fatherhood.
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